http://hdl.handle.net/1814/1951 2017-07-09T17:53:50Z 2017-07-09T17:53:50Z FARGUES, Philippe http://hdl.handle.net/1814/47085 2017-06-30T10:06:53Z 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z

Mass migration and uprisings in the Arab countries : an analytical framework FARGUES, Philippe

2017-01-01T00:00:00Z LARSSON, Mats ALTAMURA, Edoardo CASSIS, Youssef http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46757 2017-06-14T08:49:11Z 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

Commercial and financial services LARSSON, Mats; ALTAMURA, Edoardo; CASSIS, Youssef This chapter deals with the performance of commercial and financial services in Europe. Companies in both sectors have undergone considerable concentration in all analysed countries, but those from Great Britain, Germany, and France emerged as the largest companies in Europe from the early twentieth century onwards. Most impressive, however, has been the expansion of the size and business of banks. The ‘financialization’ of the global economy has resulted in much larger companies, not only in the three leading European economies, but also in the smaller countries. Return on equity was overall higher and more stable for banks than commercial companies. Only in the early 1970s did the latter perform on average better than the former. In the late 1920s and at the turn of the twenty-first century, banks performed considerably better than commercial companies.

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z CASSIS, Youssef DALMASSO, Anne VERNUS, Pierre http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46756 2017-06-14T08:48:31Z 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

The performance of French business in the Twentieth century CASSIS, Youssef; DALMASSO, Anne; VERNUS, Pierre Development of big business in France in the twentieth century followed a similar pattern to that in Britain and Germany. One specificity was the early development of service industries, including railways, before the First World War. Large firms in the industries of the Second Industrial Revolution rose to prominence in the interwar years, while the knowledge-based industries of the Third Industrial Revolution emerged timidly, as elsewhere, during the last quarter of the century. The performance of French big business, measured by return on equity, was fairly stable. Returns were highest before 1914, especially in the iron and steel industry, and, while strong, they did not surge in the closing years of the century. The holding return on the securities of leading companies was higher than the European average during the first half of the century, especially in the late 1920s and mid-1950s, but below the European average at its end.

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z CASSIS, Youssef GOURVISH, Terry http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46755 2017-06-14T08:48:03Z 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

The performance of British business in the Twentieth century CASSIS, Youssef; GOURVISH, Terry During the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, British big business reached a degree of modernity and maturity not yet attained elsewhere in Europe: Britain’s largest companies were significantly larger than their European counterparts (except for German heavy industries and electrical engineering) and more diversified, comprising a broad range of activities, from manufacturing (capital and consumer goods) to finance and services. Most of these differences had disappeared by the early 1970s. British business performance, measured by return on equity, was fairly stable throughout the twentieth century and within the European norm, except at the end of the century, when returns were exceptionally high (over 20% versus just under 10% for the rest of the century). Business performance was less impressive considered from an investor’s point of view through holding return. Returns were particularly low in the 1920s and reached their highest levels in the early 1970s and late 1990s.

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z