Waarom verdienen immigranten minder? : effecten van immigratiebeleid en arbeidsmarktkenmerken
Title: Waarom verdienen immigranten minder? : effecten van immigratiebeleid en arbeidsmarktkenmerken;
Why earn immigrants less? : effects of immigration policies and labour market characteristics
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Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 2006, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 379-394
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WANNER, Richard, DRONKERS, Jaap, Waarom verdienen immigranten minder? : effecten van immigratiebeleid en arbeidsmarktkenmerken; Why earn immigrants less? : effects of immigration policies and labour market characteristics, Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 2006, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 379-394 - https://hdl.handle.net/1814/6569
Abstract
Het gemiddelde gezinsinkomen van eerstegeneratie-immigranten in Europa en Noord-Amerika is lager dan
dat van autochtonen, en dat is niet te verklaren met hun hoeveelheid human capital (opleiding, leeftijd,
geslacht, woonplaats). Dit geldt vooral voor immigranten uit de tweede en derde wereld, die ook nog een
lagere opbrengst hebben van hun opleiding. De inkomensachterstand van immigranten varieert tussen
bestemmingslanden, ook na controle voor de individuele kenmerken van de immigranten en autochtonen.
Slechts één kenmerk van immigratiebeleid heeft een significant effect op de variantie in inkomensachterstand bij immigranten in verschillende bestemmingslanden: de instroomratio van asielzoekers. Hoe hoger
de instroomratio van asielzoekers in een bestemmingsland, hoe groter het inkomensverschil tussen vergelijkbare immigranten en autochtonen in dat bestemmingsland. Ook maar één kenmerk van de arbeidsmarkt voor vreemdelingen heeft effect op inkomensachterstanden bij immigranten in verschillende
bestemmingslanden en afkomstig uit verschillende herkomstlanden. Een grotere arbeidsmarktparticipatie
door vreemdelingen vergroot hun inkomensverschil met vergelijkbare autochtonen, maar die hogere
arbeidsparticipatie door vreemdelingen verkleint dat inkomensverschil voor de hoger geschoolde immigrant en doet dat nog eens extra voor de hoger geschoolde immigranten uit de tweede of derde wereld.
The average household income of first generation immigrants in Europe and North- America is lower than that of natives, and this difference can not be explained by their amount of human capital (education, age, gender, residence). This is above all true for immigrants, coming from the second or third world, who have also a lower return of their education. These arrears in income of immigrants vary between countries of destination, also after control for the individual characteristics of immigrants and natives. Only one characteristic of immigration policy has a significant effect on the variance of income arrears of immigrants across the countries of destination: the inflow ratio of asylum seekers. The higher this inflow ratio of asylum seekers in a country of destination, the larger the income differences between comparable immigrants and natives in that country of destination. Also only one characteristic of the labour market for foreigners has a significant effect on income arrears of immigrants in various countries of destination and from different countries of origin. A larger labour market participation by foreigners increases their income arrear with comparable natives, but this larger labour market participation decreases that income arrear of the higher educated immigrant and does that extra for the higher educated immigrant from the second and third world.
The average household income of first generation immigrants in Europe and North- America is lower than that of natives, and this difference can not be explained by their amount of human capital (education, age, gender, residence). This is above all true for immigrants, coming from the second or third world, who have also a lower return of their education. These arrears in income of immigrants vary between countries of destination, also after control for the individual characteristics of immigrants and natives. Only one characteristic of immigration policy has a significant effect on the variance of income arrears of immigrants across the countries of destination: the inflow ratio of asylum seekers. The higher this inflow ratio of asylum seekers in a country of destination, the larger the income differences between comparable immigrants and natives in that country of destination. Also only one characteristic of the labour market for foreigners has a significant effect on income arrears of immigrants in various countries of destination and from different countries of origin. A larger labour market participation by foreigners increases their income arrear with comparable natives, but this larger labour market participation decreases that income arrear of the higher educated immigrant and does that extra for the higher educated immigrant from the second and third world.