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Ensuring the exercise of human agency in AI-based military systems: concerns across the lifecycle
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1388-1957; 1572-8439
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Ethics and information technology, 2025, Vol. 27, No. 50, OnlineFirst
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BODE, Ingvild, NADIBAIDZE, Anna, WATTS, Tom, ZHANG, Qiaochu, Ensuring the exercise of human agency in AI-based military systems: concerns across the lifecycle, Ethics and information technology, 2025, Vol. 27, No. 50, OnlineFirst - https://hdl.handle.net/1814/93924
Abstract
The question of governing military applications of artificial intelligence technologies (AIT)Footnote1 has gained in salience in the early 2020s (Bode et al., 2023; Garcia, 2023). This is due to a combination of reported advances in AIT and the simultaneous growing use of these technologies in conflicts such as the latest Israel-Hamas war (2023-) and the Russia-Ukraine war (2022-). International initiatives, such as the Group of Governmental Experts on lethal autonomous weapons systems (GGE on LAWS) at the United Nations (UN), the Responsible AI in the Military Domain (REAIM) Summits, or the 2023 US Political Declaration on Responsible Military Use of AI and Autonomy (US Declaration) have put forward overlapping, non-binding lists of principles to guide and influence military practices in this space.
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Published online: 06 October 2025
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European Commission, 852123
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This research is part of the AutoNorms project which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 852123).