I. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT AND SELF-REGULATION II. ‘TRADITIONAL’ INDIVIDUAL REDRESS III. ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION III.A Introduction III.B Definitions and Terminology III.C Regulation of ADR III.C.1 Introduction III.C.2 General EU Initiatives III.C.3 Consumer Specific EU Initiatives III.D Variety and Availability III.E Arbitration Clauses in Consumer Contracts IV. COLLECTIVE REDRESS IV.A Introduction IV.B Actions for Injunction IV.C Actions for Damages IV.C.1 Different Approaches in the Member States IV.C.2 Recent EC Initiatives on Collective Actions for Damages V. CRIMINAL LAW SANCTIONS VI. STATE LIABILITY VII. INDIVIDUAL CROSS-BORDER ENFORCEMENT VII.A Introduction VII.B Jurisdiction VII.B.1 Scope of Application Brussels I Regulation VII.B.2 Specific Rules for Consumer Contracts VII.B.3 The Concept of Consumer Contract VII.B.4 The Concept of Active Trader VII.B.5 Jurisdiction Clauses VII.B.6 Applicable Law VII.B.6.a Contracts—the Rome Convention and the Rome I Regulation VII.B.6.b Contracts—secondary Community Law VII.B.6.c Torts and other non-contractual obligations VII.C Collective Cross-Border Enforcement via Actions for Injuctions VII.D Administrative Co-operation