1. Introduction - 93 2. A Brief Historical Background - 95 3. Legal Basis - 96 4. Instruments to Promote the Production and Use of Renewable Energy Sources 98 4.1. Introduction - 98 4.2. Mandatory National Targets - 98 4.2.1. Introduction - 98 4.2.2. Legally Binding Targets - 99 4.2.3. Compliance - 99 4.3. Cooperation between Member States - 100 4.3.1. Introduction - 100 4.3.2. Statistical (Virtual) Transfers between Member States - 101 4.3.3. Joint Projects in the EU - 102 4.3.4. Joint Projects with Third Countries - 103 4.3.5. Joint Support Schemes - 105 4.3.6. Assessment - 106 4.4. N ational Renewable Energy Action Plans - 106 4.5. R eduction of Administrative and Regulatory Barriers - 108 4.5.1. Introduction - 108 4.5.2. A uthorisation, Certification and Licensing of Renewable Energy Technologies - 108 4.5.3. Information and Training - 110 4.6. G rid Access Barriers - 111 4.7. The Role of Guarantees of Origin - 112 4.8. A Pan-European Sustainability Regime for Biofuels - 113 5. Implementation of the 2009 Directive - 115 6. Conclusion – 116