Engineering, resources and nature : Organisation Todt in Finland 1941-1944

Abstract

Organisation Todt (OT) was a product of the Third Reich and had a central role as assistant of the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. Starting out as a domestic and civilian initiative in the 1930s, this engineering and construction organisation would take on an increasingly military character with the outbreak of the war. Establishing itself all over Europe, OT impacted the societies and economies within which it operated, besides having a profound importance for the German armed forces, supporting them in their attempts at conquest and domination. OT established itself in Finland in the autumn of 1941, as a consequence of the Wehrmacht’s failure to capture Murmansk. This led to a situation where the troops were stuck in the inhospitable territories of Lapland and the northern areas of the Soviet Union, areas with extreme climate and insufficient infrastructure. For three years, OT would operate in Finland though the subunit Einsatz Finnland (EF). Despite being a relatively small unit of OT, EF performed a wide range of construction projects assigned to it by the Wehrmacht, and its presence became vital for the German army in Lapland. Together, the German agencies were struggling to survive in the Arctic environment, which tested man and technology equally. Access to resources of both sufficient quality and amount was paramount for the operations of EF and although the unit received most of its resources from Germany, EF was also active on the Finnish domestic market, engaging in legal as well as illegal trade.